Registration districts were originally created for the registration of births, marriages and deaths, rather than specifically for the census. In many cases, registration districts were broadly equivalent to parishes, but not necessarily so.
The Total column shows the total number of people in that county or town with this surname. For example, there were 26 people called DOWNING in Whitchurch Old at the time of the 1881 census.
The Frequency column shows the percentage of people in this county or town with this surname. For example, a frequency of 2666.6667 in Whitchurch Old means that 2666.6667% of the people in Whitchurch Old on census day were called DOWNING.
The Index column shows the relative probability of finding someone called DOWNING in this county or town, compared with the probability of finding them anywhere in Britain as a whole. An index of 1 means that if you pick someone at random from this county or town, you have exactly the same probability of picking someone called DOWNING as if you picked at random from the whole of the UK. Where the index is higher than 1, then you are more likely to find someone called DOWNING here than if you picked from the UK as a whole, and where it's lower then you are less likely. The actual figure shows the level of probability - for example, a figure of 2 would indicate that you are twice as likely to find someone called DOWNING here than in the UK as a whole, and 10 would make it ten times as likely. The value of 0.03 in Whitchurch Old means that you are 0.03 times as likely to find someone with the surname of DOWNING in Whitchurch Old than you would be in the whole of the UK.
(including typos, unknowns and the ones we don't have any data for!)